The construction sector significantly contributes to global CO2 emissions due to high Portland cement usage. This study comparatively analyzed bio-based (RHA) and industrial (GGBS) additives as partial cement replacements at 10, 20, and 30%. Concrete samples were tested for mechanical (compressive, split tensile, flexural), durability (water absorption, porosity, UPV), workability (slump, compact-ing factor), and environmental (CO2 emissions, embodied energy) performance over 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. The control mix showed the highest 28-day strengths: 32MPa compressive, 3.1MPa tensile, and 4.2MPa flexural. Bio-based (B30) and industrial (I30) mixes showed gradual reductions, with compressive strengths of 25MPa and 27MPa, tensile strengths of 2.5MPa and 2.7MPa, and flexural strengths of 3.5MPa and 3.6MPa. Durability tests indicated slight increases in water absorption (6.2%) and porosity (14%), with UPV confirming good quality. Workability decreased slightly but remained practical, while 30% replacements reduced CO2 emissions and embodied energy by 30%. Overall, 10–20% replacement offered an optimal balance between performance and sustainability.
Carbon-neutral concrete, RHA, Bio-based additives, Industrial by-products, GGBS.
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